STRUCTURING THE DIGITAL
Alexander, Christopher. Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Cambridge: 
Harvard University Press, 1964.

Bill, Max. Form: A Balance Sheet of Mid-Twentieth-Century Trends 
in Design. New York: Wittenborn, 1952.

Bill, Max, Gerd Fleischmann, Hans Rudolf Bosshard, and Christoph 
Bignens. Max Bill: Typografie, Reklame, Buchgestaltung = 
Typography, Advertising, Book Design. Zürich: Niggli, 1999.

Bosshard, Hans Rudolf. “Concrete Art and Typography.” In Typography, Advertising, Book Design. Zurich: Niggli, 1999.

Brand, Stewart, ed. Whole Earth Catalog: Access to Tools. Menlo Park, CA: Portola Institute, 1970.

Brook, Tony, and Adrian Shaughnessy, eds. Wim Crouwel: A Graphic Odyssey. Tokyo: BNN Inc., 2012.

Crouwel, Wim. Kunst + Design: Wim Crouwel. Ostfildern: Edition 
Cantz, 1991.

Fetter, William A. Computer Graphics in Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.

Fuller, R. Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969.

Gerstner, Karl. Compendium for Literates: A System of Writing. 
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974.

Gerstner, Karl. The Forms of Color: The Interaction of Visual Elements. Trans. Dennis A. Stephenson. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986.

Gioni, Massimiliano, and Gary Carrion-Murayari, eds. Ghosts in the Machine. New York: Rizzoli, 2012.

Heller, Steven. “Sutnar & Lönberg-Holm: The Gilbert and Sullivan 
of Design.” In Graphic Design Reader. New York: Allworth Press, 2002.

Hill, Anthony, ed. Data: Directions in Art, Theory and Aesthetics. 
Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society Ltd., 1968.

Hollis, Richard. Swiss Graphic Design: The Origins and Growth of 
an International Style, 1920–1965. New Haven: Yale University 
Press, 2006.

Hüttinger, Eduard, ed. Max Bill. New York: Rizzoli, 1978.

Isaacson, Walter. The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.

Knobloch, Iva, ed. Ladislav Sutnar V Textech (Mental Vitamins).
 Prague: Nakladatelstvi KANT a Umeckoprumyslové museum v Praze, 2010.

Knuth, Donald E. Computer Modern Typefaces. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1986.

Knuth, Donald E. Digital Typography. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 1999.

Kröplien, Manfred, ed. Karl Gerstner: Review of 5×10 Years of Graphic Design, etc. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2001.

LeWitt, Sol. “Oral History Interview with Sol LeWitt.” By Paul 
Cummings. Archives of American Art, July 15, 1974. 
http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-
interview-sol-lewitt-12701.

LeWitt, Sol. “Paragraphs on Conceptual Art.” Artforum 5, no. 10 (1967): 79–83.

Maldonado, Tomás. Max Bill. Buenos Aires: Editorial Nueva Visión, 1955.

Munari, Bruno. Design as Art. Trans. Patrick Creagh. London: 
Penguin, 1971.

Nelson, Theodor H. Computer Lib: You Can and Must Understand 
Computers Now. Chicago: Hugo’s Book Service, 1974.

Price, Marla. Drawing Rooms: Jonathan Borofsky, Sol LeWitt, Richard Serra. Fort Worth: Modern Art Museum Fort Worth, 1994.

Rosen, Margit, ed. A Little-Known Story About a Movement, a 
Magazine, and the Computer’s Arrival in Art: New Tendencies 
and Bit International, 1961–1973. Cambridge: MIT, 2011.

Sutherland, Ivan E. “Sketchpad, a Man-Machine Graphical Communication System,” Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1963.

Time-Life. “Toward a Machine with Interactive Skills.” In Computer 
Images 34. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1986.

Turner, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, 
the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Waldrop, M. Mitchell. The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the 
Revolution that Made Computing Personal. New York: Viking, 2001.

Zevi, Adachiara, ed. Sol Lewitt: Critical Texts. Rome: Libri de AEIUO, 1995.


RESISTING CENTRAL PROCESSING
Aldersey-Williams, Hugh, Lorraine Wild, Daralice Boles, and 
Katherine McCoy. The New Cranbrook Design Discourse. 
New York: Rizzoli, 1990.

Barthes, Roland. Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana, 1977.

Blackwell, Lewis. The End of Print: The Graphic Design of David Carson. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1995.

Brooks Jr., Frederick P. The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering. Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional, 1995.

Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone, 1995.

Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins 
University Press, 1997.
F

ella, Edward. Edward Fella: Letters on America. London: Lawrence King, 2000.

Foster, Hal, ed. The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. 
New York: New Press, 1998.

Foster, Hal, ed. Postmodern Culture. London: Pluto Press, 1985.

Friedman, Dan. Dan Friedman: Radical Modernism. New Haven: 
Yale University Press, 1994.

Gay, Joshua, ed. Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of 
Richard M. Stallman. Boston: Free Software Foundation, 2002.

Greiman, April. Hybrid Imagery: The Fusion of Technology and Graphic Design. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1990.

Hamm, Steve. The Race for Perfect: Inside the Quest to Design the Ultimate Portable Computer. New York: McGraw Hill, 2009.

Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990.

Hofstadter, Douglas R. Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York: Basic Books, 1999.

Kostelanetz, Richard. A Dictionary of the Avant-Gardes. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Laurel, Brenda, ed. The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1990.

Levy, Steven. Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. London: Penguin, 2000.

Lupton, Ellen, and Abbott Miller. Design Writing Research: Writing on Graphic Design. New York: Kiosk, 1996.

Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on 
Knowledge. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.

Makela, P. Scott, and Laurie Haycock Makela. Whereishere: A Real 
and Virtual Book. Berkeley: Gingko Press, 1998.

McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Flore. The Medium Is the Message: 
An Inventory of Effects. Corte Madera, CA: Ginko Press, 2001.

Miller, J. Abbott. Dimensional Typography: Case Study on the Shape 
of Letters in a Virtual Environment. New York: Princeton 
Architectural Press, 1996.

Negroponte, Nicholas. Being Digital. New York: Knopf, 1995.

Norris, Christopher. Deconstruction: Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Poynor, Rick. No More Rules: Graphic Design and Postmodernism. 
New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux 
and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Sebastopol, 
CA: O’Reilly Media, 1999.

Rock, Michael. “P. Scott Makela Is Wired.” Eye 12 (1994): 26–35.

Ronell, Avital. The Telephone Book: Technology, Schizophrenia, 
Electric Speech. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

VanderLans, Rudy, and Zuzana Licko. Emigre: Graphic Design into 
the Digital Realm. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.

Weingart, Wolfgang. Typography. Baden: Lars Müller, 2000.


ENCODING THE FUTURE
Anderson, Chris. Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. New York: Penguin, 2004.

Anderson, Chris. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown, 2012.

Armstrong, Helen, ed. Graphic Design Theory: Readings from the Field. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009.

Armstrong, Helen, and Zvezdana Stojmirovic. Participate: Designing with User-Generated Content. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.

Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.

Blauvelt, Andrew, and Koert van Mensvoort. Conditional Design: 
Workbook. Amsterdam: Valiz, 2013.

Bohnacker, Hartmut. Generative Design: Visualize, Program, and Create with Processing. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012.

Brand, Stewart. Whole Earth Discipline: Why Dense Cities, Nuclear Power, Transgenic Crops, Restored Wildlands, and Geoengineering Are Necessary. New York: Viking, 2009.

Cormen, Thomas H., and Charles E. Leiserson. Introduction to 
Algorithms. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.

Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby. Speculative Everything: Design, 
Fiction, and Social Dreaming. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.

Fry, Ben, and Casey Reas. “Processing: Programming for Designers 
and Artists.” Design Management Review (2009): 52–58.

Fuller, Matthew. Behind the Blip: Essays on Software Culture. New York: Autonomedia, 2003.

Fuller, Matthew, ed. Software Studies: A Lexicon. Cambridge: MIT 
Press, 2008.

Graham, Paul. Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2004.

Greenfield, Adam. Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous 
Computing. Berkeley: New Riders, 2006.

Hunt, Andrew, and David Thomas. The Pragmatic Programmer: 
From Journeyman to Master. Boston: Addison-Wesley 
Professional, 1999.

Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green. Spreadable Media: 
Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York: NYU Press, 2013.

Johnson, Steven. Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software. New York: Scribner, 2002.

Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Programming. Boston: 
Addison-Wesley Professional, 2011.

Laurel, Brenda. Computers as Theatre. Boston: Addison-Wesley 
Professional, 2013.

Laurel, Brenda. Utopian Entrepreneur. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.

Laurel, Brenda, and Peter Lunenfeld. Design Research: Methods and Perspectives. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.

Lessig, Lawrence. Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity. New York: Penguin Books, 2005.

Levy, Steven. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2010.

Lunenfeld, Peter. The Secret War Between Downloading & Uploading: Tales of the Computer as Culture Machine. Cambridge: MIT 
Press, 2011.

Lupton, Ellen. Type on Screen: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Developers & Students. New York: Princeton Architectural 
Press, 2014.

Maeda, John. Maeda @ Media. New York: Rizzoli, 2000.

Maeda, John. The Laws of Simplicity (Simplicity: Design, Technology, Business, Life). Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.

Malloy, Judy, ed. Women, Art, and Technology. Cambridge: MIT 
Press, 2003.

Myers, William, ed. Bio Design: Nature + Science + Creativity. New 
York: Museum of Modern Art, 2014.

Nelson, Theodor H. Designing Interactions. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007.

Pearson, Matt. Generative Art: A Practical Guide Using Processing. Shelter Island, NY: Pearson Education, 2010.

Petzold, Charles. Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 2001.

Poggenpohl, Sharon, and Keiichi Sato, eds. Design Integrations: 
Research and Collaboration. Bristol, UK: Intellect, 2009.

Reas, Casey, Chandler McWilliams, and LUST. Form + Code in 
Design, Art and Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.

Reas, Casey, and Ben Fry. Getting Started with Processing. Sebastopol, CA: Maker Media, 2010.

Rose, David. Enchanted Objects: Design, Human Desire, and the 
Internet of Things. New York: Scribner, 2014.

Salen, Katie, and Eric Zimmerman, eds. The Game Design Reader: 
A Rules of Play Anthology. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.

Sterling, Bruce. Shaping Things. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005.

Vinh, Khoi. Ordering Disorder: Grid Principles for Web Design. Berkeley: New Riders, 2010.